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PostSubject: Rune Terms, Places and People   Rune Terms, Places and People EmptyMon Sep 04 2006, 15:35

For this assignment you will need to do a bit of research. Choose any two things from the list and write a minimum of 200 words on each. I want a background on each term and I would like to see detail – if it’s a person tell me how they relate to Ancient Runes or Runes in general, if it’s a place tell me why this place was important and why it’s location had an impact on Ancient Runes. I will be grading you on the content, research done and on validity. Each one will be worth 20 points. For an additional 5 points find a picture for each term, place or thing. This assignment is worth a total of 50 points. Copying and pasting will not be tolerated. Remember to cite your sources at the end – no sources means no credit for the assignment. Good luck.

    Duenos Inscription
    Kylver Stone
    Olaus Rudbeck
    Ireland
    Björketorp Runestone
    Stentoften Runestone
    Tacitus
    Bryggen inscriptions
    Ruthwell Cross
    British Isles
    Carolingian Empire
    Diphthong


EDIT: This assignment is now worth 70 possible points! 30 points for each term and 5 for each picture.
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PostSubject: Re: Rune Terms, Places and People   Rune Terms, Places and People EmptySun Nov 05 2006, 18:09

Björketorp Runestone


Now i want you to know this was a very hard assignment to do. But anyway, the Björketorp Runestone was used in ancient times for charms or divination. The word rune means secret therefore, it was probably very secret to all those except for those elite in the subject. This particular runestone was in Proto-Norse where it warns about a terrible death for all who pass by it.


Rune Terms, Places and People 450px-Bj%C3%B6rketorpsstenen



Bryggen Inscriptions
These were runic inscrition found in Bergen, Norway. Mostly they were written on pine wood or bone and is called the most important runic find. They were important becasue they showed the everyday work and importance of runes in ancient times. When before the Bryggen inscriptions were found runes were just thought to have been used for solemn messages and names. They also told us that runes died out long after they were thought to have.


Rune Terms, Places and People B003-d10


Works Sited:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryggen_inscriptions
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune
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PostSubject: Re: Rune Terms, Places and People   Rune Terms, Places and People EmptyMon Nov 27 2006, 11:48

Rune Terms, Places and People Ruthwell_Cross

Back in the 8th century, the Ruthwell Cross was an important cross of the Anglo-Saxtons. It stands at over 18 feet high. Yet the most extraordinary thing about this particular cross is the sculptures and runes on each side. The runes represented excerpts from ‘The Dream Road’ a reading about Mary Magdalene from an old English poem. There were also many references to the Exeter Book by Thorleif Repp. However, the actually specific translations cannot be deciphered as this Cross was taken down and smashed in 1664. Pieces of this Cross was used as pavement, buried in graveyards, or even just too shattered to use. However, in 1818, a minister by the name of Henry Duncan was able to restore the Cross as best as he could. Duncan was the minister of Ruthwell’s parish church in Dumfriesshire, Scotland at the time. Although he was able to restore the cross, many pieces are still missing and many areas were made to how he imagined it to look. Therefore it is not completely accurate. The other images on the cross are images of Jesus’s life as well as many well known saints. For example, Saint John with an eagle and the lamb of God, Mary Magdalene washing Christ’s feet, and several animals feeding on plants.

http://www.arild-hauge.com/arild-hauge/bergen-head.jpg (picture is too large to show)

Many consider the discovery of Bryggen inscriptions to be one of the most important findings in Ancient Runes. This inscription is 670 runes that was discovered on pieces of wood and bone that was as young as the 14th century. This is considered a wonderfully important find because before these runes were discovered people believed that runes were mainly used for formal phrases and names. This proves that runes were used much more then that and were most likely used as an everyday mean. The fact that some of these runes were only from the 14th century is also an important aspect to Ancient Runes. This erases the theory that runes ceased to exist very long ago. Because of this discovery, many similar runes were found in Norway. There is a vast different type of rune messages on each piece of wood or bone. There are the traditional religious inscriptions that have been found earlier. These inscriptions were found on pieces of bones and believed to be the base or part of amulets. Yet there were also short messages that could be translated as love letters (my darling, kiss me), business letters, and even name tags. In Bergen’s Bryggens Museum is where these inscriptions are kept.


Sources- http://www.georgetown.edu/labyrinth/library/oe/texts/ruthwell.html, Yahoo Images, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthwell_Cross
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PostSubject: Re: Rune Terms, Places and People   Rune Terms, Places and People EmptyWed Dec 27 2006, 04:48

The Duenos Inscription

The Duenos Inscription is one of the oldest Latin Inscriptions that is currently known. It is a stone inscription, the earlier form of writing. It has been dated back to approximately circa 6th Century BC…that’s about 500 BC! Heinrich Drussel found it in 1880. He found it on a vase’s remains on the Quirinal Hill in Rome. The inscription is only three lines long, yet there are a lot of translations for it. This is because the runes indicate a Latin language, which is often abbreviated – meaning that some words are so long that they are shortened and then can be confused with other words. The Latin is also quite complex because we have so few scripts dating that far back to compare it to, to be able to translate it. To make matters worse, there are no spaces between each word, so it makes it harder to decipher which letters belong to which word. All of these factors show just how complicated it is to read not only runes, but older monuments that show us the history of the land and people who used the language. The Duenos inscription has many meanings, but “Duenos” is the older Latin word for “good”, which later turned to “bonus”.

Rune Terms, Places and People Duenos_inscription

Source:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duenos_inscription

The Kylver Stone

The Kylver Stone is a small stone that is very much similar to a gravestone. It used to be buried in Gotland, a small part of Sweden. The actual runic inscription is on the underside of the stone, which makes it harder to read, until it was dug up and brought to the Swedish Museum in Stockholm. The inscription is believed to date back to approximately circa 400 AD. Its official numbered name is G88, referring to where it was found (Gotland) and the number of the stone (the 88th stone). What is most interesting about the stone is what is inscribed upon it. It is believed to be a version of the first runic alphabet, the Elder Futhark. There are approximately 24 runes inscribed upon it, most of which can be recognised as part of the Elder Futhark, the rest of which can be mutated just slightly to resemble the ancient runic letters. The Elder Futhark is an ancient Germanic runic alphabet, but it was formed from the Old Latin script and language. Most of the Elder Futhark inscriptions are magical curses or spells that are inscribed on jewellery or other important stones. It could be that the Kylver stone was very important to whoever was buried underneath it, and they wanted to make sure that they were remembered for having an runic gravestone.

Rune Terms, Places and People Go-rune-kylver

Sources:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylver_Stone

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_futhark
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PostSubject: Re: Rune Terms, Places and People   Rune Terms, Places and People EmptyWed Dec 27 2006, 13:34

The term Carolingian Empire is sometimes used to refer to the realm of the Franks under the dynasty of the Carolingians.

The Franks or the Frankish people were one of several west Germanic federations. They were not originally grouped into one official tribe, but "as with the other barbarians, they belonged to much smaller groups that would join constantly changing confederations.

The Carolingian Dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians or Karlings) was a dynasty of rulers who began as mayors of the palaces and eventually became kings of the Franks.

When used, the term emphasizes on the coronation of Charlemagne as Emperor in 800 by Pope Leo III, although this did not actually constitute a new empire because both Charles as well as his ancestors had been rulers of the Frankish realm earlier. In point of fact, his grandfather Charles Martel had essentially founded the empire during his lifetime. Because of this, most historians prefer to use the term "Frankish Kingdoms" or "Frankish Realm" to refer to the area covering parts of today's Germany and France from the 5th to the 9th century. The "Carolingian Empire" ended with the death of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles III the Fat in 888, although some Carolingians managed to gain the Imperial crown in later times.




Rune Terms, Places and People 300pxcarolingianempiremes8
MAP

__________


Tacitus
Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus is one of the important historians of Roman Antiquity. The surviving portions of his two major works—the Annals and the Histories—treat the reigns of the Roman Emperors Tiberius, Claudius, Nero and those that reigned in the Year of the Four Emperors. These two works span the history of the Roman Empire from the death of Augustus in 14 to (presumably) the death of emperor Domitian in 96. There are significant lacunae in the surviving texts.

Other surviving works by Tacitus treat Oratory (in dialogue format, see Dialogus de oratoribus), Germania (in De origine et situ Germanorum) and biographical notes about his father-in-law Agricola, primarily during his campaign in Britannia (see De vita et moribus Iulii Agricolae).

Tacitus' style in his major works is Annalistic. An author living in the latter part of the Silver Age of Latin literature, his writing is characterised by an uncompromising boldness and sharpness of wit, and a compact and sometimes unconventional use of the Latin language.

Although Tacitus' works contain a wealth of information about his world, details on his own life are scarce. What little is known comes from scattered hints throughout the corpus of his work, the letters of his friend and admirer Pliny the Younger, an inscription found at Mylasa in Caria[1], and educated guesswork.

Tacitus was born in 56 or 57 to an equestrian family; like many other Latin authors of the Golden and Silver Ages, he was from the provinces, probably northern Italy, Gallia Narbonensis, or Hispania. The exact place and date of his birth are not known. His praenomen (first name) is similarly a mystery: in some letters of Sidonius Apollinaris and in some old and unimportant writings his name is Gaius, but in the major surviving manuscript of his work his name is given as Publius.



Rune Terms, Places and People 180pxgaiuscorneliustacind5
TACITUS



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PostSubject: Re: Rune Terms, Places and People   Rune Terms, Places and People EmptyWed Jan 10 2007, 20:40

The Kylver Stone, or G 88, is an actually fastinating stone. It dates back to about 400 B.C. and was discovered in Stånga, Gotland in 1903. It is a flat rock that was used to seal graves, such as in a graveyard. The inscription could not be seen, because it was carved on the underside of the stone. It is inscripted with 24 early known sequential listing of Elder Futhark ([f] u þ a r k g [w] h n i j ï p z s t b e m l ŋ d o). The a, s, and b are mirrored (for later rune use), and the z is inscribed upside down. The stone was removed from Gotland to a museum in Sweden, but is not currently on display.

Rune Terms, Places and People KylverStone


Dating back to the Circa 6th Century BC, the Duenos Inscription is one of the earliest known Old Latin texts. On a vase on the Quirinal Hill in Rome, it was found by Heinrich Dressel in 1880. As there are very few spaces and some letters are hard to distinguish, it is difficult to translate. Ever since it was found, there are many different translations advanced by scholars. Duenos is a form of older latin meaning bonus, or "good".

Rune Terms, Places and People Duenos_inscription

Sites:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duenos_inscription
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylver_stone
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PostSubject: Re: Rune Terms, Places and People   Rune Terms, Places and People EmptyFri Jan 12 2007, 07:52

The Kylver Stone

Rune Terms, Places and People TAS3


The Kylver Stone, a rune found at the farm Kylver, Stånga, Gotland in 1903 dates from the 400 century and its official name is G. 88. the stone was a flat rock set for covering a grave and once the inscription was written on the inside of the grave only the dead person inside could see it. Some say it’s because the runes inscripted had magic powers that would keep hinder the person inside the grave from coming back. Others say the rock was only a scrap material used for practicing rune-carving. The Kylver Stone was brought from Gotland to the Swedish Museum of National Antiquities in Stockholm, though it’s not currently available for public viewing.

This stone has a significant importance to Ancient Runes as it’s inscribed with earliest known sequential listing of the 24 runes of the Elder Futhark (the oldest form of the runic alphabet, used by Germanic tribes for Proto-Norse and other Migration period Germanic dialects of the 2nd to 8th centuries for inscriptions on artefacts (jewellery, amulets, tools, weapons) and rune stones). The a, s and b runes mirrored compared to later use, and the z rune upside down. After the last rune follows a spruce- or tree-like rune commonly believed to be a modified Tiwaz rune with eight heads (a similar rune with three heads is found on the Seeland-II-C bracteate). At a separate space the word sueus or sulius is inscribed. The meaning of this latter word is unknown, but is assumed to be associated with magic.

www.runewebvitki.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylver_Stone


Stentoften Runestone


Rune Terms, Places and People Dr357_stentoften1


The Stentoften Runestone officially named DR 357 U is a runestone which contains a curse in Proto-Norse, discovered in 1823 by the dean O. Hammer. It was lying down with the inscription facing downwards, surrounded by five sharp larger stones forming a pentagon or a pentagram. Consequently, the stone has been part of a larger monument like the Björketorp Runestone further east.
The Stentoften stone, which today is located in the Church of St. Nicolai in Sölvesborg.The stone was moved to the church in 1864 in an effort to neutralise its alleged magical powers. Like all other Old Futhark inscriptions the Stentoften inscription has until recently remained an enigma to all serious researchers.
Stentoften id unique to ancient runes as it is carved with a type of runes that form an intermediate version between the Elder Futhark and the Younger Futhark that most scholars date the inscription to the 7th century. A characteristic example of this is the a-rune which has the same form as the h-rune of the younger futhark. It’s also believed to be connected to other ancient rune stone The Björketorp Runestone and though both are not carved by the same man they reflect a specific rune tradition in Blekinge during the 7th century.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stentoften_Runestone
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PostSubject: Re: Rune Terms, Places and People   Rune Terms, Places and People EmptySat Jan 27 2007, 14:32

British Isles-

The North British Isles, nestled in the waters close to England, mostly around Europe though, are able to be linked back to the time of runes. Which ones and why? In the olden days around the fourth century, Celtic alphabets were strewn around to many different parts of the world. The British Isles was where one form of this alphabet was found. It is called the Ogham alphabet and was so named after the Celtic god of all knowledge who happened to be Ogmos.Ogmos was sometimes associated with Gaulish Ogmios and occasionally the Greek God Hermes. There are twenty letters in the Ogmos Alphabet, and each are named after a sacred tree that the Druids oftened associated with. Ogham might have been derived from a previous system of hand signs. With its letters on mostly straight angles, each one is made up of lines that make up what each one is. The Ogham Alphabet is used today by mostly just Neo-Pagans, Druids,seers and Diviners as divination tools and magic accomplices. But there is no sufficient evidence to link them to the past of being historical divination tools that carried on to modern day ones.Ancient runes from the isles are derived from each alphabet form and don't always have a link to one another but they do normally have some kind of relevance to a God or an event from ancient times.
Throughout the British isles, evidence of this alphabet was found from the carvings on stones,tombstones and road markers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ptolemy-british-isles.jpg




Diphthong

Diphthong is used in photetic speaking which means about two sounds, or two ways of speaking the sounds. Celtics were often to use words that were combined together or made two seperate sounds but meant the same. It was discovered that Futhark of the Younger and Elder produced similarities in sounds and deriviation. What Diphthong has in common with runes is that It changes the way you pronounce the words or symbols by just a little. making it sounds like two sounds mushed together. Futhark is the name for rows of runes and for full rune sets. It has similiarities of our alphabet. The changes in pronouncing the way it sounds and the way it should sound are whether the sound is longer or shorter. The pronounciation is so special that if one is invoking the high power, they must be careful in what language length that they use. For as there are two sounds of the same letter, there is also two different outcomes that could hinder or enhance the said invocation by just a fraction. No one rune is the same though there are similarties, there is no exact duplication. Sounds pronounced throughout the centuries have been modified in terms of runes yet the basic core of the historical alphabet has remained the same though has been modernized.



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Runic_letter_iwaz.png

http://www.bindrune.com/


http://avalonrisen.mithrilstar.org/brit2.htm

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Vuara/Runes_and_the_ancient_alphabet


http://www.lair2000.net/whogworts/Classes/Ancient_Runes.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eihwaz
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PostSubject: Re: Rune Terms, Places and People   Rune Terms, Places and People EmptyWed Jan 31 2007, 11:56

"Bryggen inscriptions"

In 1955 in the city of Bergen, Norway, the fist of some 670 runic inscriptions were found. These particular inscriptions are thought to be the most important find of the 20th century due to what they tell us about ancient runes. Before the "Bryggen inscriptions" were found, many thought that runes were merely used for solemn phrases or inscriptions of names. However with this particular find, we see the simple everyday useage. Some of these very important inscriptions are as young as the 14th century which is of great importance since it was believed that the use of runes in Norway had ceased long before. These historic inscriptions are now housed at the Bryggens Museum and a select few are actually on display. They are categorized by the letter B followed by 3 numbers. They have been found to mainly follow the formula "Eysteinn á mik" which translates to "Eysteinn owns me" which is B001. Thought to mark ownership on most, there are also some with short messages such as, "Ást min, kyss mik" which translates to, "my darling, kiss me" which is B017. Still longer messages thought to be business letters and orders. Some intended to be amulets have short religious wrtitings as well.


Rune Terms, Places and People B129a

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryggen_inscriptions


“Björketorp Runestone”


The Björketorp Runestone standing about 14 feet tall, is amongst the tallest rune stones or menhir in the world. Found in Belkinge, Sweden among other menhir and various stones, it and 2 other large uninscribed menhir (a large, single upright standing stone) form a daunting sight for onlookers. Thought to be created in the 6th or 7th century the runes are done in Proto-Norse. There are two sides to the inscription and the translations are still debated today. The shorter of the two sides is thought to say “I forsee perdition” or “prediction of perdition”. The longer side is thought to translate in to, “I, master of the runes conceal here runes of power. Incessantly (plagued by) maleficence, (doomed to) insidious death (is) he who breaks this (monument)”. Carved in what is thought to be a transitional rune system between the elder kuthark and the younger futhark, and is more recently dated by most scholars in the 7th century. Other inscriptions such as the Stentoften, Istaby and Gummarp are identified with their particular clans through names and places that are inscribed. The lack of names and such on the Björketorp Runestone do not hinder the theory that all of these stones are infact related. The unique runic form and the message are found on some of the others as well. It is however very clear that the stones were not carved by the same person, this establishes the idea that there was indeed a specific rune tradition around this time. Many suggestions have been pondered throughout history as to what exactly the purpose of the stone is. Some think it is a grave marker used to frighten away would be crooks, disproved when the area were excavations in the area. Still others believe it may just be a marker for a grave site far from the stone, or perhaps a shrine to Odin, or yet a border set to mark land. No one knows it's true purpose but it's legend is just that, legendary. Folklore tells of a man who wanted to remove the stone so he could have more land, he tried to crack the stone by heating it with fire and pouring water over the stone. It was a calm peaceful night, but no sooner had he lit the fire, than there was a gust of wind that turned the flames upon him. His clothes caught fire and though he tried, could not put the flames out. He died at the base of the stone. This stone has been a hige part of our history and I have no doubt it will remain so.



[url]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Björketorp_Runestone[/url]
Rune Terms, Places and People 800px-10
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PostSubject: Re: Rune Terms, Places and People   Rune Terms, Places and People EmptySun Feb 04 2007, 11:29

Bryggen
inscriptions are done on wood (usually pine) or bone. They were found in Norway,
and they were called the most important ruin found in the 20th
century. Many of the inscriptions were not used to do much but to mark property
or messages. Some can even contain religious words and sayings. A lot of these inscriptions are done in Latin.




There
is also to be thought there are 670 inscriptions. Most of the inscriptions are kept in a museum
in Bergen. Not all of these great inscriptions
are on display though.




These
are one of the old famous inscriptions.



Rune Terms, Places and People Bergen10






I am also doing the Kylver Stone, now there is very little
information about this rock. Here’s a picture also.




Rune Terms, Places and People Kylver Stone




The Kylver stone is a rune stone. Its name is G 88 too.
This rock is dated back since the year 400. This stone was found at a
farm in Gotland in 1903. This was a flat stone too. It also isn't able to
be read from above. This stone is also has a word (
sulius) It is unknown, and supposedly it has to do with magic. The
Kylver stone is now in a museum in Scotland, and isn't on display.








I got this information from yahoo pictures and from wikipedia!!
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PostSubject: Re: Rune Terms, Places and People   Rune Terms, Places and People EmptyFri Feb 09 2007, 22:31

Kylver Stone

The Kylver Stone is a rune stone that was discovered in 1903 and dates from 400 A.D. It was found in Kylver, Stanga, Gotland which is a province in Sweden. Some historians believe Gotland to be , or in part, the homeland of the Goths. The runes were found on the underside of a large flat rock that was used to seal a grave, written in Elder Futhark. The rune now resides in the Swedish Museum of National Antiquities in Sweden’s capital, Stockholm where it is officially named G88. The rune is unique in the fact that it is the earliest example of all 24 Elder Futhark in sequential order. Although the meaning cannot be entirely made out it does deal with magic.
<a href="http://photobucket.com/" target="_blank"><img src="https://2img.net/h/i149.photobucket.com/albums/s58/RigbyDumbledore/KylverStone.gif" border="0" alt="Photobucket - Video and Image Hosting"></a>


The Ruthwell Cross

The Ruthwell Cross is inscribed with runes containing excerpts from an old English poem, The Dream of the Rood. The translation of the runes is Christ was on the cross. Yet the brave came there from afar to their lord. The poem is of a dream of a conversation with the wood from Christ’s crucifix. The cross stands 18 ft tall. The cross was smashed in 1664 by orders of the Church of Scotland and restored in 1818 by Henry Duncan who was a minister of Rothwell parish church and the cross still remains there to this day. It no longer has its originally crossbeams, and Duncan also filled in gaps with small bits of stone. The cross itself dates to the 8th centuary and has carvings depicting Jesus and his life.
<a href="http://photobucket.com/" target="_blank"><img src="https://2img.net/h/i149.photobucket.com/albums/s58/RigbyDumbledore/ruthwell_cross1.jpg" border="0" alt="Photobucket - Video and Image Hosting"></a>

Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
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PostSubject: Re: Rune Terms, Places and People   Rune Terms, Places and People EmptySun Feb 18 2007, 14:09

Your scores will be posted momentarily.

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Please remember that with the new class rules you may keep doing classes after they're marked as they are now always open.
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